公民电话记录隐私权保护的研究——美国北卡罗莱纳州相关立法引发的思考
王硕 郭春枝(助)
【摘要】随着手机等通讯工具的广泛使用,侵犯公民电话记录隐私权的行为层出不穷,如何有效保护公民的相关权益,成为当前法律建设面临的难题之一。本文拟从分析美国北卡罗莱纳州在保护公民电话记录隐私权的相关立法,联系实际,提出相应的解决措施。
【关键词】电话记录;隐私权;调查取证
一、美国北卡罗莱纳州关于电话记录隐私权保护的相关立法
North CarolinaArticle .Telephone Records Privacy Protection Act
.§ 14 113.30. Definitions.The following definitions apply in this Article:
1.Caller identification record. ? A record collected and retained by or on behalf of a customer utilizing caller identification or similar technology that is delivered electronically to the recipient of a telephone call simultaneously with the reception of the telephone call and that indicates the telephone number from which the telephone call was initiated or similar information regarding the telephone call.
2.Customer. ? A person or the legal guardian of a person or a representative of a business to whom a telephone service provider provides telephone service to a number subscribed or listed in the name of the person or business.
3.Person. ? An individual, business association, partnership, limited partnership, corporation, limited liability company, or other legal entity.
4.Telephone record. ? A record in written, electronic, or oral form, except a caller identification record, Directory Assistance information, and subscriber list information, that is created by a telephone service provider and that contains any of the following information with respect to a customer: a. Telephone numbers that have been dialed by the customer. b. Telephone numbers that pertain to calls made to the customer. c. The time when calls were made by the customer or to the customer. d. The duration of calls made by the customer or to the customer. e. The charges applied to calls, if any.
5.Telephone service. ? The conveyance of two way communication in analog, digital, or other form by any medium, including wire, cable, fiber optics, cellular, broadband personal communications services, or other wireless technologies, satellite, microwave, or at any frequency over any part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The term also includes the conveyance of voice communication over the Internet and telephone relay service.
6. Telephone service provider. ? A person who provides telephone service to a customer without regard to the form of technology used, including traditional wire line or cable communications service; cellular, broadband PCS, or other wireless communications service; microwave, satellite, or other terrestrial communications service; or voice over Internet communications service。
北卡罗莱纳州:电话记录隐私权保护法
§ 14 113.30. 定义。下列定义适用于本条文:
1.主叫识别记录。通过收集和保留呼叫者识别器或以电子形式等相似技术传递给客户的电话,同时接受电话,并显示来电号码或与来电电话相关的一些信息而形成的记录。
2.客户——个人或法定监护人,或者为电话服务供应商对以个人或商业名义署名商业提供电话服务的商业机构进行代表。
3.个人——个人,商业协会,合伙,有限合伙公司,有限责任公司或其他法律实体
4.电话记录——记录形式包括书面、电子、口头等形式。记录内容除了来电者身份记 录外,还包括目录帮助信息,用户列表信息。用户列表信息又包括电话服务供应商创建的和与客户相关的下列信息:(1) 客户已拔的电话号码;(2)客户自己的号码;(3)客户拨打电话或接受电话的时间点;(4)客户拨出或接收电话的通话时长;(5) 如果属于收费电话,还包括电话费用项目。
5.电话服务——模拟双向沟通的运输,数字运输,或以电线、电缆、光纤、移动电话、宽带个人通信服务为媒介的运输,以及以卫星、微波和在任何频率的任何部分的电磁频谱的无线技术为媒介的运输。此处的电话服务还包括运输工具的语音通信互联网和电话中断服务。
6.电话服务供应商——以各种技术形式提供电话服务的传统的有线或有线通信服务,蜂窝电话,宽带电脑,或其他无线通信服务;微波,卫星,或其他地面通信服务;或互联网语音通讯服务。
§ 14 113.31. Prohibition of falsely obtaining, selling, or soliciting telephone records.
1.No person shall obtain, or attempt to obtain, by any means, whether electronically, in writing, or in oral form, with or without consideration, a telephone record that pertains to a customer who is a resident of this State without the customer's consent by doing any of the following:(1) Making a false statement or representation to an agent, representative, or employee of a telephone service provider.(2)Making a false statement or representation to a customer of a telephone service provider.(3)Knowingly providing to a telephone service provider a document that is fraudulent, that has been lost or stolen, or that has been obtained by fraud, or that contains a false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or representation.(4)Accessing customer accounts of a telephone service provider via the Internet without prior authorization from the customer to whom the telephone records relate.
2. No person shall knowingly purchase, receive, or solicit another to purchase or receive a telephone record that pertains to a customer without the prior authorization of that customer, or if the purchaser or receiver knows or has reason to know that the record has been obtained fraudulently.
3. No person shall sell or offer to sell a telephone record that was obtained without the customer's prior consent, or if the person knows or has reason to know that the telephone record was obtained fraudulently.
§ 14 113.31. 禁止虚假获得,出售,或寻求电话记录。
1.任何人不得获取或试图以电子、书面、口头形式通过如下方式获取电话记录,而不论电话记录涉及到的客户是否居住在本国以及是否得到了客户的同意:(1)对代表人、代理人或电话服务供应商的雇员作虚假陈述或代表;(2)对电话服务供应商的客户作虚假陈述或代表;(3)明知提供给电话服务供应商的文件是伪造的,已丢失的或被盗的,或以欺诈手段获得的,或载有虚假的、虚构的、欺骗性的陈述或代表;(4)未经事先授权,电话服务供应商通过因特网访问客户账户的电话记录,获得与该电话记录相关人员的信息。
2.明知电话记录未经客户事先授权,知道或有理由知道记录是以欺诈手段获得的而予以购买、接受、索取。
3.任何人未经客户事先授权不得售卖或出售电话记录,或者购买者、接受者知道或有理由知道记录是以欺诈手段取得的。
§ 14 113.32. Exceptions.
1.The provisions of G.S. 14 113.31 shall not apply to any of the following:
(1)Any lawfully authorized investigative, protective, or intelligence activity of a law enforcement agency in connection with the official duties of the law enforcement agency.
(2)A disclosure by a telephone service provider if the telephone service provider reasonably believes the disclosure is necessary to: (i) provide telephone service to a customer, including sharing telephone records with one of the provider's affiliates or (ii) protect an individual or service provider from fraudulent, abusive, or unlawful use of telephone service or a telephone record.
(3)A disclosure by a telephone service provider to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.
(4)A disclosure by a telephone service provider that is authorized by State or federal law or regulation.
(5)A disclosure by a telephone service provider to a governmental entity if the provider reasonably believes there is an emergency involving immediate danger of death or serious physical injury.
(6)Testing of a telephone service provider's security procedures or systems for maintaining the confidentiality of customers' telephone records.
2.Nothing in this Article shall be construed to expand the obligation or duty of a telephone service provider to maintain the confidentiality of telephone records beyond the requirements of this Article or federal law or regulation. Any telephone service provider or agent, employee, or representative of a telephone service provider who reasonably and in good faith discloses telephone records shall not be criminally or civilly liable if the disclosure is later determined to be in violation of this Article.
§ 14 113.32. 例外
1. § 14 113.31中所列情形不适用于下列事项。(1)任何合法授权的调查、保护,以及执法机构的情报活动与公务活动。(2)电话服务供应商基于以下情况合理地认为披露是必要的而进行的披露行为:i 为客户提供电话服务包括与供应商的分支机构分享电话记录;ii防止个人或服务商被欺诈,以及滥用或非法使用电话服务或电话记录。(3)电话服务供应商披露美国失踪和被剥削的儿童。(4)电话服务供应商的披露行为是得到国家、联邦法律法规授权的。(5)电话服务供应商合理第认为有死亡的危险或严重的身体伤害等紧急情况而对政府实体所作的披露。(6)为维护客户电话记录的机密性而进行的电话服务供应商的安全程序以及系统的测试。
最高人民法院民事审判庭关于招远县陆许氏遗产应由谁继承的电话答复
最高人民法院民事审判庭
最高人民法院民事审判庭关于招远县陆许氏遗产应由谁继承的电话答复
1985年10月28日,最高法院民事审判庭
山东省高级人民法院民事审判庭:
你院(85)鲁法民字第25号《关于招远县陆许氏遗产应由谁继承一案的请示报告》及补充意见均收悉。根据报告查明的情况,经我们研究认为,原则上以承认陆许氏为“五保户”比较合适,其遗产应按最高人民法院《关于贯彻执行民事政策法律若干问题的意见》第47条有关规定处理。入社前,被继承人依靠女儿陆玉芳生活,入社后一个月病故尽管遗产分割多年,陆玉芳要求继承是有道理的。我们的意见:一、承认陆玉芳有继承权;二、原房已卖掉,现只能将陆家村所售房屋价款作为遗产归陆玉芳继承;三、陆家村为陆许氏所花丧葬费和医药费,从卖房款中扣除。并请作好双方当事人的调解工作。此意见系根据本案的特殊情况提出来的变通处理办法,请参照此意见,妥善处理。
附:山东省高级人民法院关于招远县陆许氏遗产应由谁继承的请示报告 (85)鲁法民字第25号
最高人民法院:
原告:陆玉芳,女,71岁,农民,招远县蚕庄镇柳行村。
诉讼代理人:王松亭,男,44岁,济南铁路局物资工业公司干部,现住济南铁路局招待所。系原告之子。
被告:招远县蚕庄镇陆家村。
法定代表人:王吉瑞,村干部(支部书记)。
陆许氏与其丈夫陆登弟早年结婚,没有子女,收养一女叫陆玉芳,当地解放前出嫁。陆登弟1940年去世。陆许氏家有瓦房8间、土地4亩,生活由陆玉芳照料。1957年3月19日陆许氏加入本村(陆家村)高级农业生产合作社。入社后一个月陆许氏病故,终年80岁。陆许氏亡故后,陆玉芳即将尸体锁在屋内,要求给其母退社,村、乡政府研究答复,社员死后不能退社。陆玉芳又以母亲死因不明,要求检验,经医生检查,无发现异常。在此情况下,陆玉芳提出条件,按旧风谷办丧事,即:造坟、做棺材、雇吹鼓手,村里按陆玉芳提出的条件办理了丧事,并由当时的支部书记王书堂“摔盆”。陆许氏用药及丧葬费共开支50.77元。陆许氏殡葬后,村里将陆许氏遗产作了分割:动产由陆玉芳继承;不动产瓦房8间(北屋5间,西厢3间),作价300元,以固定资产入帐归集体。
陆玉芳1980年开始向陆家村提出要继承母亲遗产8间瓦屋。理由:(1)1957年其母是入社,未参加“五保”。(2)从入社到病故只一个月时间,其母未在社里分粮、分草。(3)这些年之所以未提出争议,一是孩子小,二是当时没有妇女继承的政策。
陆家村代表人王吉瑞辩称陆许氏1957年入社时已80岁,已失去劳动能力,象她这样的户一入社就享受“五保”待遇。之所以没分粮、分草是未到分配季节。陆许氏死后是按陆玉芳提出的条件由村里发的丧。发丧后就分割了财产,这有当时的支部书记王书堂作证。事隔20多年,现在再反悔不行;类似陆许氏这样的户1956年入社的就有6户,如果陆玉芳将其母遗产要回,其他“五保”户的法定继承人也提出继承怎么办?
此案开始是经招远县政府批示镇政府处理,调解不成。陆家村于1983年将8间瓦房以3000元卖掉。陆玉芳于1984年诉到县法院,该院曾作过调解(让村里把房价的一半1500元给陆玉芳)村里不同意。调解不成。县院决定,维持原来财产分割的结果,陆玉芳不再继承其他遗产。请示烟台市中级法院。中院同意县法院意见。但感到拿不准,请示省院。
省院研究,有两种意见:(一)根据1956年6月30日第一届全国人民代表大会第三次会议通过的《高级农业生产合作社示范章程》第七条和第五十三条规定精神,陆许氏“五保”应予认定。虽然当时对陆许氏遗产的处理有些不合理,但财产分割已20多年,参照国务院1958年3月29日给司法部的《关于农业生产合作社中五保户死后的私有财产处理问题的批复》和1979年最高人民法院《关于贯彻执行民事政策法律的意见》的规定精神,现在不宜变动。(二)1957年陆许氏入社时已80岁,入社前依靠女儿生活。入社一个月病故,并未享受村里的任何照顾,陆玉芳要求继承母亲遗产不无道理。陆玉芳继承遗产时,对村里为殡葬陆许氏的化费等,可按最高人民法院1984年《关于贯彻执行民事政策法律若干问题的意见》(47)条规定由陆玉芳偿还。
因此案涉及政策界限问题,处理好与不好影响较大,为慎重起见,特此报告,请予批复。
1985年6月17日